redefine reality.

In 1964 the Soviet astronomer N. S. Kardashev, writing on how civilizations might transmit information across space, classified them in three types by the energy they harness: a planet’s, a star’s, a galaxy’s.

• Type I, a planet. “close to the level presently attained on the earth”: Earth’s own level when he wrote, about 4 × 10¹⁹ ergs per second, or 4 × 10¹² watts.
• Type II, a star. “capable of harnessing the energy radiated by its own star”, for example with a “Dyson sphere”: about 4 × 10³³ ergs per second, or 4 × 10²⁶ watts.
• Type III, a galaxy. “in possession of energy on the scale of its own galaxy”: about 4 × 10⁴⁴ ergs per second, or 4 × 10³⁷ watts.

Each step is a leap: from Type I to Type II the energy grows about a hundred trillion times, and from Type II to Type III about a hundred billion times.N. S. Kardashev, “Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations”, Soviet Astronomy 8, 217 (1964) (opens in a new tab)

We are working toward one complete system that integrates conventional computers, AI, machine learning and quantum technology.

Along the way, we are closing gaps in quantum technology by developing simulation software for superconducting components and error-correction technology.

We hold our own technology to the standard we apply to others’ claims. The system must be reliable, parallel, programmable, debuggable and predictable.